Bdtyk

Most people would refer to computers as being electronic, whereas a flashlight would be described as electric.

I know the general difference (electronic devices use transistors?), but what is it exactly, and how did the second term even come into existence? Why not just use electric for both?

The distinction comes from the two fields of electrical engineering and electronics (which some consider a subset of the former). Electronics refers to technology that works by controlling the motion of electrons in ways that go beyond electrodynamic properties like voltage and current. That is, electrical technology would work the same if you replaced electrons by some other charge-carrying particles, but electronic technology depends on the specific properties of electrons themselves, such as in semiconductor medium.

Because electronic devices are typically used for representing and manipulating information, this makes for a simple rule of thumb for distinguishing electrical and electronic. Typically, if something uses electricity merely as energy, it is electrical, while if it uses electricity as the medium for manipulating information, it is almost surely electronic.

The distinction for the two words you are referring to is with regards to the complexity of the circuit which uses electricity.

A flashlight is a very simple system. It doesn't primarily feature integrated circuits or digital logic or any advanced circuitry. It uses electricity thus it is "electric".

A computer is an extremely complex circuit. Most people can't begin to grasp the concept of a CPU from the perspective of a current-flow device. An electrician can't just hook it up to the power mains.

At some point along the complexity spectrum a device ceases to be merely electric and becomes electronic. Note: I think this also requires integrated circuits and the like. I don't imagine that anyone would refer to the power grid as electronic (though some components of it are).

Consider these cases:

• An electric chair


• An electronic chair

The first is a chair which predominantly features electricity. The second is a chair which has some feature made of a complex circuit (for example, the seats in cars which are automatically-adjusting).

• An electric toaster


• An electronic toaster

The first is a run of the mill toaster. The second is a toaster that lets you program in an image to burn into the toast, and which sends you an email when the toast is done.

Electric / electrical systems use electricity to transmit and manipulate power.

Electronic systems use electricity to transmit and manipulate information.

E.g. an electric battery stores power that can be used to light an electric light bulb. An electronic light sensor produces a voltage that depends on the amount of light falling upon it, which might be used as part of a system that automatically switches a lightbulb off in the daytime.

Devices that run on electricity are 'electric' — for example, electric lights, electric heaters, electric cars and so on; while 'electronic' refers to devices which manipulate electrical current internally through switches. It’s also used for virtual forms of things that were traditionally in the physical world, such as electronic stores and electronic books.

How did the term electronic come into existence? It original use was as an adjective that applied to electrons rather than electricity. For example, electronic orbital is used to describe the position of electrons in atoms and molecules, and nobody uses electric orbital.

It's possible that originally, in the 1940s, circuits with vacuum tubes in them were called electronic circuits, while circuits using just wires, batteries, resistors, and so forth, were called electric circuits. This would make sense, because vacuum tubes use electrons in a more fundamental way than these other elements of circuits. Certainly, the term electronic circuit (see Ngram) started gaining usage in the 1930s, the era of vacuum tubes.

The distinction between electric and electronic is solely based on the medium electrons are flowing through.

• Electric is used when electrons flow in a plain conductor, usually a metallic wire or a metallic part.




• Electronic is used when electrons flow either out of any conductor, like the electron beam of a cathodic ray tube), or in a semi-conductor material like silicon, or gallium arsenide. This is what happens in electronic components like diodes or transistors.

That said, it's difficult in some cases to be sure something is actually electronic without looking under the hood. In layman language it's correct to use electric in place of electronic, but some information is lost.

Electronic circuits have first used vacuum tubes in which electrons flow in a relative vacuum created in the tube in the form of an electronic beam (this is the origin of the name). Later they were replaced by transistors where electrons flow in semi-conductor materials, the name was maintained.

So today, we can say a component is electronic as soon as electrons don't simply flow in metallic parts.

• Motors, incandescent lamps are electric.




• LED lamps, voltage rectifiers, radio receivers made of diodes and transistors (or now integrated circuits) are electronic.

What was purely electric is becoming electronic, e.g. home lighting was based on incandescent lights and mechanical switches. Today we see LEDs and dimmers, both are electronic devices.

High levels of current and power are usually dealt with electrical components because high voltages or currents cannot be economically carried by electronic devices, and traditional electrical engineering is used. There are notable exceptions, like electronic rectifier (diode) and switch (thyristor), radio amplifiers (klystron), microwave heater (magnetron), lightinghigh luminosity LED...

Audio, video and radio signals can be processed at low levels of voltage, current and power. These fields make great use of electronic components (amplification, detection, and in general signal processing...) and therefore are mostly in the domain of electronics. The same is true for logical and timing circuits used in computers. Many power supplies are now electronic inverters in replacement of old electric transformers.

But devices are often a mix of electric and electronic components. For example in a washing machine, the motor is an electric component, but the logic (engine control, program selection, display) is electronic. It's safe to say a washing machine involves both electric and electronic elements!

Electronics is a subfield of electrical engineering.