“Everybody is not” vs “Not everybody is”












6
















Everybody's got a water buffalo, yours is fast but mine is slow.





You can't say everybody's got a water buffalo! Everyone does not have a water buffalo!




This construction:




Everyone does not have a water buffalo!




really irks me, because there are people who do have a water buffalo, and the sentence seems to imply the opposite. I would much prefer the sentence:




Not everybody has a water buffalo!




Is the first construction somehow grammatically defensible, or is it just used because it better parallels as a negation of the sentence, "Everybody's got a water buffalo"?










share|improve this question




















  • 1





    Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo :-)

    – PLL
    Mar 11 '11 at 3:45






  • 1





    youtube.com/watch?v=ltG37Bbx1qk

    – Peter Olson
    Mar 11 '11 at 3:48






  • 1





    Actually, in support of your argument, I would consider "Everyone does not have a water buffalo" to be a very awkward sentence. While grammatically correct, many people would not interpret its literal meaning, as you say. Fortunately I don't hear this sort of thing spoken often in British English.

    – Noldorin
    Sep 15 '11 at 20:50











  • Another thing that irks me are question/response pairs like "Don't you have to go somewhere now?" and "No", where the answer strictly implies that one does have to go somewhere. The affirmative/negative are both ambiguous responses here annoyingly, which English speakers usually overcome by qualifying the response with "I do" or "I don't". French gets around it a bit easier by having two words for yes; the direct oui and si in response to a negative.

    – Noldorin
    Sep 15 '11 at 20:54
















6
















Everybody's got a water buffalo, yours is fast but mine is slow.





You can't say everybody's got a water buffalo! Everyone does not have a water buffalo!




This construction:




Everyone does not have a water buffalo!




really irks me, because there are people who do have a water buffalo, and the sentence seems to imply the opposite. I would much prefer the sentence:




Not everybody has a water buffalo!




Is the first construction somehow grammatically defensible, or is it just used because it better parallels as a negation of the sentence, "Everybody's got a water buffalo"?










share|improve this question




















  • 1





    Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo :-)

    – PLL
    Mar 11 '11 at 3:45






  • 1





    youtube.com/watch?v=ltG37Bbx1qk

    – Peter Olson
    Mar 11 '11 at 3:48






  • 1





    Actually, in support of your argument, I would consider "Everyone does not have a water buffalo" to be a very awkward sentence. While grammatically correct, many people would not interpret its literal meaning, as you say. Fortunately I don't hear this sort of thing spoken often in British English.

    – Noldorin
    Sep 15 '11 at 20:50











  • Another thing that irks me are question/response pairs like "Don't you have to go somewhere now?" and "No", where the answer strictly implies that one does have to go somewhere. The affirmative/negative are both ambiguous responses here annoyingly, which English speakers usually overcome by qualifying the response with "I do" or "I don't". French gets around it a bit easier by having two words for yes; the direct oui and si in response to a negative.

    – Noldorin
    Sep 15 '11 at 20:54














6












6








6


1







Everybody's got a water buffalo, yours is fast but mine is slow.





You can't say everybody's got a water buffalo! Everyone does not have a water buffalo!




This construction:




Everyone does not have a water buffalo!




really irks me, because there are people who do have a water buffalo, and the sentence seems to imply the opposite. I would much prefer the sentence:




Not everybody has a water buffalo!




Is the first construction somehow grammatically defensible, or is it just used because it better parallels as a negation of the sentence, "Everybody's got a water buffalo"?










share|improve this question

















Everybody's got a water buffalo, yours is fast but mine is slow.





You can't say everybody's got a water buffalo! Everyone does not have a water buffalo!




This construction:




Everyone does not have a water buffalo!




really irks me, because there are people who do have a water buffalo, and the sentence seems to imply the opposite. I would much prefer the sentence:




Not everybody has a water buffalo!




Is the first construction somehow grammatically defensible, or is it just used because it better parallels as a negation of the sentence, "Everybody's got a water buffalo"?







word-order negation






share|improve this question















share|improve this question













share|improve this question




share|improve this question








edited Apr 13 '11 at 13:22









RegDwigнt

83.4k31281381




83.4k31281381










asked Mar 11 '11 at 3:18









Peter OlsonPeter Olson

4,46753654




4,46753654








  • 1





    Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo :-)

    – PLL
    Mar 11 '11 at 3:45






  • 1





    youtube.com/watch?v=ltG37Bbx1qk

    – Peter Olson
    Mar 11 '11 at 3:48






  • 1





    Actually, in support of your argument, I would consider "Everyone does not have a water buffalo" to be a very awkward sentence. While grammatically correct, many people would not interpret its literal meaning, as you say. Fortunately I don't hear this sort of thing spoken often in British English.

    – Noldorin
    Sep 15 '11 at 20:50











  • Another thing that irks me are question/response pairs like "Don't you have to go somewhere now?" and "No", where the answer strictly implies that one does have to go somewhere. The affirmative/negative are both ambiguous responses here annoyingly, which English speakers usually overcome by qualifying the response with "I do" or "I don't". French gets around it a bit easier by having two words for yes; the direct oui and si in response to a negative.

    – Noldorin
    Sep 15 '11 at 20:54














  • 1





    Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo :-)

    – PLL
    Mar 11 '11 at 3:45






  • 1





    youtube.com/watch?v=ltG37Bbx1qk

    – Peter Olson
    Mar 11 '11 at 3:48






  • 1





    Actually, in support of your argument, I would consider "Everyone does not have a water buffalo" to be a very awkward sentence. While grammatically correct, many people would not interpret its literal meaning, as you say. Fortunately I don't hear this sort of thing spoken often in British English.

    – Noldorin
    Sep 15 '11 at 20:50











  • Another thing that irks me are question/response pairs like "Don't you have to go somewhere now?" and "No", where the answer strictly implies that one does have to go somewhere. The affirmative/negative are both ambiguous responses here annoyingly, which English speakers usually overcome by qualifying the response with "I do" or "I don't". French gets around it a bit easier by having two words for yes; the direct oui and si in response to a negative.

    – Noldorin
    Sep 15 '11 at 20:54








1




1





Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo :-)

– PLL
Mar 11 '11 at 3:45





Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo :-)

– PLL
Mar 11 '11 at 3:45




1




1





youtube.com/watch?v=ltG37Bbx1qk

– Peter Olson
Mar 11 '11 at 3:48





youtube.com/watch?v=ltG37Bbx1qk

– Peter Olson
Mar 11 '11 at 3:48




1




1





Actually, in support of your argument, I would consider "Everyone does not have a water buffalo" to be a very awkward sentence. While grammatically correct, many people would not interpret its literal meaning, as you say. Fortunately I don't hear this sort of thing spoken often in British English.

– Noldorin
Sep 15 '11 at 20:50





Actually, in support of your argument, I would consider "Everyone does not have a water buffalo" to be a very awkward sentence. While grammatically correct, many people would not interpret its literal meaning, as you say. Fortunately I don't hear this sort of thing spoken often in British English.

– Noldorin
Sep 15 '11 at 20:50













Another thing that irks me are question/response pairs like "Don't you have to go somewhere now?" and "No", where the answer strictly implies that one does have to go somewhere. The affirmative/negative are both ambiguous responses here annoyingly, which English speakers usually overcome by qualifying the response with "I do" or "I don't". French gets around it a bit easier by having two words for yes; the direct oui and si in response to a negative.

– Noldorin
Sep 15 '11 at 20:54





Another thing that irks me are question/response pairs like "Don't you have to go somewhere now?" and "No", where the answer strictly implies that one does have to go somewhere. The affirmative/negative are both ambiguous responses here annoyingly, which English speakers usually overcome by qualifying the response with "I do" or "I don't". French gets around it a bit easier by having two words for yes; the direct oui and si in response to a negative.

– Noldorin
Sep 15 '11 at 20:54










5 Answers
5






active

oldest

votes


















12














Natural languages are not formal mathematical logic.



In formal logic, you’re absolutely right: “Everybody does not have a water buffalo” would mean that everybody is sadly buffalo-less; it would not be the same as the negation of the statement “everybody has a water buffalo”, which would be “not everbody has a water buffalo”, or “somebody does not have a water buffalo”.



However, with natural language, the litmus test of grammaticality is something like: if, within some speech community, a construction gets used, consistently, and understood, then it’s grammatically correct, within that community. And by that test, this usage is grammatically correct — I’ve come across it pretty widely, in speech and in writing, in the UK and US and Canada, in popular culture and academia.



…and for all that, it irks me a little too — this is a case where what’s idiomatic seems to clash particularly badly with what’s logical. As Robusto and chaos show, one can make arguments for how it is in fact logical, but I don’t think those are what this usage comes from; I strongly suspect it’s just that one normally negates a clause by negating its main verb, and so that pattern gets used here too, even though that also slips the negation past a quantifier, which (as any fule kno) is Not Kosher.



It’s this disparity between grammar and logic that makes much legal and technical prose a minefield — but on the other hand, the plasticity of language that gives rise to this is something extremely important and valuable in itself, which one would hardly want to give up. You can’t have your cake and eat it, I guess…






share|improve this answer



















  • 1





    The usage may be common, but it is ambiguous and to me an indicator of careless speech.

    – Henry
    Mar 11 '11 at 8:10



















2














Well, it's somewhat defensible because "everyone does not have a water buffalo" is not necessarily the same as "no one has a water buffalo". It can be considered as the negation of the case "everyone has a water buffalo"; negating that requires only that one person exist who does not have a water buffalo. Since we seem to be dealing with some sort of poetry or lyrics anyway, I'd say that puts the expression well within the bounds of artistic license.






share|improve this answer
























  • That particular line isn't a lyric itself, it's comment by another character on the lyric line "Everybody's got a water buffalo." It's more a very emphatic negation than anything.

    – user1579
    Apr 13 '11 at 13:28



















2















Is the first construction somehow grammatically defensible, or is it just used because it better parallels as a negation of the sentence, "Everybody's got a water buffalo"?




The latter, more or less. Think of it as though quotes were placed around "everyone" in the second sentence, so that it becomes a collective entity: in mathematical terms, a set. It is a true statement (or at least the assertion to be proved) that "everyone" (the set of all people who might own a water buffalo) is not identical to the set that includes all owners of water buffalo.






share|improve this answer































    1














    Logically, and I would argue, grammatically, "Not everyone has a water buffalo" means the same as "Someone does not have a water buffalo." For most people, "Everyone does not have a water buffalo" means the same as "No one has a water buffalo." For some people--in the context cited--"Everyone does not have a water buffalo" means the same as "Not everyone has a water buffalo" and "Someone does not have a buffalo." This is confusing, though, and blurs a useful distinction. While it may be found in the wild, I think it should be discouraged.






    share|improve this answer































      0














      You're correct to use the phrase,




      Not everyone has a buffalo!




      The other form is wrong—end of story.





      share








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        5 Answers
        5






        active

        oldest

        votes








        5 Answers
        5






        active

        oldest

        votes









        active

        oldest

        votes






        active

        oldest

        votes









        12














        Natural languages are not formal mathematical logic.



        In formal logic, you’re absolutely right: “Everybody does not have a water buffalo” would mean that everybody is sadly buffalo-less; it would not be the same as the negation of the statement “everybody has a water buffalo”, which would be “not everbody has a water buffalo”, or “somebody does not have a water buffalo”.



        However, with natural language, the litmus test of grammaticality is something like: if, within some speech community, a construction gets used, consistently, and understood, then it’s grammatically correct, within that community. And by that test, this usage is grammatically correct — I’ve come across it pretty widely, in speech and in writing, in the UK and US and Canada, in popular culture and academia.



        …and for all that, it irks me a little too — this is a case where what’s idiomatic seems to clash particularly badly with what’s logical. As Robusto and chaos show, one can make arguments for how it is in fact logical, but I don’t think those are what this usage comes from; I strongly suspect it’s just that one normally negates a clause by negating its main verb, and so that pattern gets used here too, even though that also slips the negation past a quantifier, which (as any fule kno) is Not Kosher.



        It’s this disparity between grammar and logic that makes much legal and technical prose a minefield — but on the other hand, the plasticity of language that gives rise to this is something extremely important and valuable in itself, which one would hardly want to give up. You can’t have your cake and eat it, I guess…






        share|improve this answer



















        • 1





          The usage may be common, but it is ambiguous and to me an indicator of careless speech.

          – Henry
          Mar 11 '11 at 8:10
















        12














        Natural languages are not formal mathematical logic.



        In formal logic, you’re absolutely right: “Everybody does not have a water buffalo” would mean that everybody is sadly buffalo-less; it would not be the same as the negation of the statement “everybody has a water buffalo”, which would be “not everbody has a water buffalo”, or “somebody does not have a water buffalo”.



        However, with natural language, the litmus test of grammaticality is something like: if, within some speech community, a construction gets used, consistently, and understood, then it’s grammatically correct, within that community. And by that test, this usage is grammatically correct — I’ve come across it pretty widely, in speech and in writing, in the UK and US and Canada, in popular culture and academia.



        …and for all that, it irks me a little too — this is a case where what’s idiomatic seems to clash particularly badly with what’s logical. As Robusto and chaos show, one can make arguments for how it is in fact logical, but I don’t think those are what this usage comes from; I strongly suspect it’s just that one normally negates a clause by negating its main verb, and so that pattern gets used here too, even though that also slips the negation past a quantifier, which (as any fule kno) is Not Kosher.



        It’s this disparity between grammar and logic that makes much legal and technical prose a minefield — but on the other hand, the plasticity of language that gives rise to this is something extremely important and valuable in itself, which one would hardly want to give up. You can’t have your cake and eat it, I guess…






        share|improve this answer



















        • 1





          The usage may be common, but it is ambiguous and to me an indicator of careless speech.

          – Henry
          Mar 11 '11 at 8:10














        12












        12








        12







        Natural languages are not formal mathematical logic.



        In formal logic, you’re absolutely right: “Everybody does not have a water buffalo” would mean that everybody is sadly buffalo-less; it would not be the same as the negation of the statement “everybody has a water buffalo”, which would be “not everbody has a water buffalo”, or “somebody does not have a water buffalo”.



        However, with natural language, the litmus test of grammaticality is something like: if, within some speech community, a construction gets used, consistently, and understood, then it’s grammatically correct, within that community. And by that test, this usage is grammatically correct — I’ve come across it pretty widely, in speech and in writing, in the UK and US and Canada, in popular culture and academia.



        …and for all that, it irks me a little too — this is a case where what’s idiomatic seems to clash particularly badly with what’s logical. As Robusto and chaos show, one can make arguments for how it is in fact logical, but I don’t think those are what this usage comes from; I strongly suspect it’s just that one normally negates a clause by negating its main verb, and so that pattern gets used here too, even though that also slips the negation past a quantifier, which (as any fule kno) is Not Kosher.



        It’s this disparity between grammar and logic that makes much legal and technical prose a minefield — but on the other hand, the plasticity of language that gives rise to this is something extremely important and valuable in itself, which one would hardly want to give up. You can’t have your cake and eat it, I guess…






        share|improve this answer













        Natural languages are not formal mathematical logic.



        In formal logic, you’re absolutely right: “Everybody does not have a water buffalo” would mean that everybody is sadly buffalo-less; it would not be the same as the negation of the statement “everybody has a water buffalo”, which would be “not everbody has a water buffalo”, or “somebody does not have a water buffalo”.



        However, with natural language, the litmus test of grammaticality is something like: if, within some speech community, a construction gets used, consistently, and understood, then it’s grammatically correct, within that community. And by that test, this usage is grammatically correct — I’ve come across it pretty widely, in speech and in writing, in the UK and US and Canada, in popular culture and academia.



        …and for all that, it irks me a little too — this is a case where what’s idiomatic seems to clash particularly badly with what’s logical. As Robusto and chaos show, one can make arguments for how it is in fact logical, but I don’t think those are what this usage comes from; I strongly suspect it’s just that one normally negates a clause by negating its main verb, and so that pattern gets used here too, even though that also slips the negation past a quantifier, which (as any fule kno) is Not Kosher.



        It’s this disparity between grammar and logic that makes much legal and technical prose a minefield — but on the other hand, the plasticity of language that gives rise to this is something extremely important and valuable in itself, which one would hardly want to give up. You can’t have your cake and eat it, I guess…







        share|improve this answer












        share|improve this answer



        share|improve this answer










        answered Mar 11 '11 at 3:44









        PLLPLL

        18k34194




        18k34194








        • 1





          The usage may be common, but it is ambiguous and to me an indicator of careless speech.

          – Henry
          Mar 11 '11 at 8:10














        • 1





          The usage may be common, but it is ambiguous and to me an indicator of careless speech.

          – Henry
          Mar 11 '11 at 8:10








        1




        1





        The usage may be common, but it is ambiguous and to me an indicator of careless speech.

        – Henry
        Mar 11 '11 at 8:10





        The usage may be common, but it is ambiguous and to me an indicator of careless speech.

        – Henry
        Mar 11 '11 at 8:10













        2














        Well, it's somewhat defensible because "everyone does not have a water buffalo" is not necessarily the same as "no one has a water buffalo". It can be considered as the negation of the case "everyone has a water buffalo"; negating that requires only that one person exist who does not have a water buffalo. Since we seem to be dealing with some sort of poetry or lyrics anyway, I'd say that puts the expression well within the bounds of artistic license.






        share|improve this answer
























        • That particular line isn't a lyric itself, it's comment by another character on the lyric line "Everybody's got a water buffalo." It's more a very emphatic negation than anything.

          – user1579
          Apr 13 '11 at 13:28
















        2














        Well, it's somewhat defensible because "everyone does not have a water buffalo" is not necessarily the same as "no one has a water buffalo". It can be considered as the negation of the case "everyone has a water buffalo"; negating that requires only that one person exist who does not have a water buffalo. Since we seem to be dealing with some sort of poetry or lyrics anyway, I'd say that puts the expression well within the bounds of artistic license.






        share|improve this answer
























        • That particular line isn't a lyric itself, it's comment by another character on the lyric line "Everybody's got a water buffalo." It's more a very emphatic negation than anything.

          – user1579
          Apr 13 '11 at 13:28














        2












        2








        2







        Well, it's somewhat defensible because "everyone does not have a water buffalo" is not necessarily the same as "no one has a water buffalo". It can be considered as the negation of the case "everyone has a water buffalo"; negating that requires only that one person exist who does not have a water buffalo. Since we seem to be dealing with some sort of poetry or lyrics anyway, I'd say that puts the expression well within the bounds of artistic license.






        share|improve this answer













        Well, it's somewhat defensible because "everyone does not have a water buffalo" is not necessarily the same as "no one has a water buffalo". It can be considered as the negation of the case "everyone has a water buffalo"; negating that requires only that one person exist who does not have a water buffalo. Since we seem to be dealing with some sort of poetry or lyrics anyway, I'd say that puts the expression well within the bounds of artistic license.







        share|improve this answer












        share|improve this answer



        share|improve this answer










        answered Mar 11 '11 at 3:29









        chaoschaos

        18k45685




        18k45685













        • That particular line isn't a lyric itself, it's comment by another character on the lyric line "Everybody's got a water buffalo." It's more a very emphatic negation than anything.

          – user1579
          Apr 13 '11 at 13:28



















        • That particular line isn't a lyric itself, it's comment by another character on the lyric line "Everybody's got a water buffalo." It's more a very emphatic negation than anything.

          – user1579
          Apr 13 '11 at 13:28

















        That particular line isn't a lyric itself, it's comment by another character on the lyric line "Everybody's got a water buffalo." It's more a very emphatic negation than anything.

        – user1579
        Apr 13 '11 at 13:28





        That particular line isn't a lyric itself, it's comment by another character on the lyric line "Everybody's got a water buffalo." It's more a very emphatic negation than anything.

        – user1579
        Apr 13 '11 at 13:28











        2















        Is the first construction somehow grammatically defensible, or is it just used because it better parallels as a negation of the sentence, "Everybody's got a water buffalo"?




        The latter, more or less. Think of it as though quotes were placed around "everyone" in the second sentence, so that it becomes a collective entity: in mathematical terms, a set. It is a true statement (or at least the assertion to be proved) that "everyone" (the set of all people who might own a water buffalo) is not identical to the set that includes all owners of water buffalo.






        share|improve this answer




























          2















          Is the first construction somehow grammatically defensible, or is it just used because it better parallels as a negation of the sentence, "Everybody's got a water buffalo"?




          The latter, more or less. Think of it as though quotes were placed around "everyone" in the second sentence, so that it becomes a collective entity: in mathematical terms, a set. It is a true statement (or at least the assertion to be proved) that "everyone" (the set of all people who might own a water buffalo) is not identical to the set that includes all owners of water buffalo.






          share|improve this answer


























            2












            2








            2








            Is the first construction somehow grammatically defensible, or is it just used because it better parallels as a negation of the sentence, "Everybody's got a water buffalo"?




            The latter, more or less. Think of it as though quotes were placed around "everyone" in the second sentence, so that it becomes a collective entity: in mathematical terms, a set. It is a true statement (or at least the assertion to be proved) that "everyone" (the set of all people who might own a water buffalo) is not identical to the set that includes all owners of water buffalo.






            share|improve this answer














            Is the first construction somehow grammatically defensible, or is it just used because it better parallels as a negation of the sentence, "Everybody's got a water buffalo"?




            The latter, more or less. Think of it as though quotes were placed around "everyone" in the second sentence, so that it becomes a collective entity: in mathematical terms, a set. It is a true statement (or at least the assertion to be proved) that "everyone" (the set of all people who might own a water buffalo) is not identical to the set that includes all owners of water buffalo.







            share|improve this answer












            share|improve this answer



            share|improve this answer










            answered Mar 11 '11 at 3:31









            RobustoRobusto

            129k30309522




            129k30309522























                1














                Logically, and I would argue, grammatically, "Not everyone has a water buffalo" means the same as "Someone does not have a water buffalo." For most people, "Everyone does not have a water buffalo" means the same as "No one has a water buffalo." For some people--in the context cited--"Everyone does not have a water buffalo" means the same as "Not everyone has a water buffalo" and "Someone does not have a buffalo." This is confusing, though, and blurs a useful distinction. While it may be found in the wild, I think it should be discouraged.






                share|improve this answer




























                  1














                  Logically, and I would argue, grammatically, "Not everyone has a water buffalo" means the same as "Someone does not have a water buffalo." For most people, "Everyone does not have a water buffalo" means the same as "No one has a water buffalo." For some people--in the context cited--"Everyone does not have a water buffalo" means the same as "Not everyone has a water buffalo" and "Someone does not have a buffalo." This is confusing, though, and blurs a useful distinction. While it may be found in the wild, I think it should be discouraged.






                  share|improve this answer


























                    1












                    1








                    1







                    Logically, and I would argue, grammatically, "Not everyone has a water buffalo" means the same as "Someone does not have a water buffalo." For most people, "Everyone does not have a water buffalo" means the same as "No one has a water buffalo." For some people--in the context cited--"Everyone does not have a water buffalo" means the same as "Not everyone has a water buffalo" and "Someone does not have a buffalo." This is confusing, though, and blurs a useful distinction. While it may be found in the wild, I think it should be discouraged.






                    share|improve this answer













                    Logically, and I would argue, grammatically, "Not everyone has a water buffalo" means the same as "Someone does not have a water buffalo." For most people, "Everyone does not have a water buffalo" means the same as "No one has a water buffalo." For some people--in the context cited--"Everyone does not have a water buffalo" means the same as "Not everyone has a water buffalo" and "Someone does not have a buffalo." This is confusing, though, and blurs a useful distinction. While it may be found in the wild, I think it should be discouraged.







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                    answered Sep 15 '11 at 20:46









                    MerleTenneyMerleTenney

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                        0














                        You're correct to use the phrase,




                        Not everyone has a buffalo!




                        The other form is wrong—end of story.





                        share








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                          0














                          You're correct to use the phrase,




                          Not everyone has a buffalo!




                          The other form is wrong—end of story.





                          share








                          New contributor




                          Michael Wilk is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                          Check out our Code of Conduct.























                            0












                            0








                            0







                            You're correct to use the phrase,




                            Not everyone has a buffalo!




                            The other form is wrong—end of story.





                            share








                            New contributor




                            Michael Wilk is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                            Check out our Code of Conduct.










                            You're correct to use the phrase,




                            Not everyone has a buffalo!




                            The other form is wrong—end of story.






                            share








                            New contributor




                            Michael Wilk is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                            Check out our Code of Conduct.








                            share


                            share






                            New contributor




                            Michael Wilk is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
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                            answered 4 mins ago









                            Michael WilkMichael Wilk

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                            Michael Wilk is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
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                            Michael Wilk is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
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